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This is a collection of 12 essays, based on those given at an international conference on the Second Austrian Republic. They look back at the development of Austrian politics from occupation to independence, evaluate the development of Austria's national identity and political institutions, and look forward to the impact on Austria of the end of the Cold War, European Union membership and the secularization of the political culture. Individual essays cover such topics as the origins of the Second Republic, the post-war coalition government, analysis of superpower assessments of the geopolitical and economic context of Austrian neutrality during the first two post-war decades, the gradual development of a sense of Austrian national identity and the orientation of Austria's political culture.