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The aim of this text is to provide a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of grain marketable surplus supply behaviour amongst Chinese farm households during the reform era. Following a review of the major changes in the institutional and economic environment of the grain sector of China, a theoretical framework is developed which emphasizes full income maximization as the objective for farm households. An integrated empirical model is then used to analyze the effects of Chinese farm households' own consumption of grain and their off-farm employment opportunities on grain marketable surplus supply.