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This text uses political science, historical and philosophical methods to explain why the 200 states that exist at the end of the 20th century assume the different characteristics they exhibit: "modern / civilized", wherein the organic theory of the state is revived; "developmental", using growth and policy criteria; "idealist", including Marxist and theocratic, wherein the origins and development of idealist thought is expounded; and "primitive", which comprises the least developed of states and explores the reasons for their lack of development. This book seeks to connect the development of political philosophy with the creation of different kinds of state. It concludes with an argument in defence of liberal democracy - which nonetheless presents the liberal democratic states - and a critique of the conventions of the various forms of "critical theory". The book was conceived in the realization that the end of the Cold War necessitates a thorough re-evaluation of idealist theories.