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European Union environmental policy has developed rapidly, partly because some member states have developed domestic environmental policies, while others have limited or no national environmental legislation. Since 1995 three leading countries in environmental policy-making, Sweden, Austria and Finland, have joined the European Union. Their accession gives support to the environmental policies that for some time have been promoted at the EU-level by Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany. This study traces the political and institutional dynamics that have made these countries develop their notions of environmental policy and select the issues which are brought to Brussels for europeanisation. It covers Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden and is the first comparative study to combine domestic and EU-aspects of national environmental policies. It draws attention to the background for the activism exhibited by the smaller member states as well as to Germany's changed role in the 1990's. Each of the contributions have been written by native experts in national environmental policies, and according to a common conceptual framework.