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"The land was not empty", Colin Calloway writes, "but often emptied." Pilgrims at Plymouth, like the Dutch at New Amsterdam, found cultivated fields, abandoned by Indian communities ravaged by disease. Whole towns were taken over and renamed: Shawnut became Boston; Naumeag, New London. Where Indians still remained, Europeans often lived side-by-side, sharing and exchanging goods and customs. In the West, settlers lived in Indian towns, eating Indian food. In Mohawk Valley, New York, Europeans tattooed their faces; Indians drank tea. In "New Worlds for All", Calloway explores the unique and vibrant new cultures that Indians and Europeans forged together in early America. The process, Calloway writes, lasted longer than the United States has existed as a nation. During that time, most of America was still "Indian country", and even in areas of European settlement, Indians and Europeans remained a part of each other's daily lives: living, working, worshipping, travelling and trading together - as well as fearing, avoiding, despising and killing one another. Ranging across the continent and over 300 years, "New Worlds for All" describes encounters between Spanish conquistadors and Zuni warriors, Huron shamans and French Jesuit missionaries, English merchants and Montagnais traders. Calloway's discussion of conflict and cooperation includes the use of natural resources and shared knowledge about trail networks, herbal medicines, metal tools, and weapons. He explains how Europeans copied Indian military tactics; the varied responses of Indian societies to Christianity; attempts made on all sides to learn the languages and customs of the other; and the intermingling of peoples at the fringes of competing cultures - through captivity and adoption, attempts to escape one's own society and embrace another, or intermarriage.