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The position and situation of Russian managers was in the Soviet era, and still is today, determined by the social and political environment, to a greater degree than in the West. Whilst the economic conditions are the decisive parameter of action for managers in the West and the political level develops its effect on managerial decisions in a more mediating way, in Russia political decisions determine in a very direct way the structurally presented autonomy and the modes of behaviour of company managers that are imprinted with subjective factors. This text presents and examines the economic situation as well as social and political conditions in Russia, a society in transition, and their influence on the working and professional situation of managers.