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The 1980s were a period of profound and painful structural adjustment in Latin America. This book offers an analysis of the effects of that adjustment on poverty and distribution of income. The book begins by using recently available household surveys for the majority of Latin American countries to establish what happened to poverty and inequality over the decade and to isolate the main factors that determined the changes observed. It then compares the experience of different countries to see why the adjustment process was more benign in some places than others, and why some countries had greater success than others in protecting the poor. Both the cross-country and the case study evidence demonstrate the critical role of economic growth in the battle against poverty.