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This history of the first independent Armenian state in modern times provides the basis for comparison with the Armenian republic established in 1991 after seven decades of Soviet rule. This volume examines the final months of the Armenian republic and the destructive impact of a Soviet-Turkish entente on the goal of a united, independent Armenia. The Turkish-Armenian war from September to December 1920 culminated in the loss of half of the Armenian republic and the Sovietization of what was left. The experiment in Armenian independence had failed and the Armenian people, unable to gather together in a common homeland, remained scattered among communities in the Soviet Union and surrounding areas. At that time, nol one could predict that a new opportunity for independence would arise before the end of the century.