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This history of the first independent Armenian state in modern times provides the basis for comparison with the Armenian republic established in 1991 after seven decades of Soviet rule. This volume focuses on the regional and international developments in 1920 that determined the future of Armenia. The Treaty of Sevres, concluded in between the Allied Powers and Turkey in August 1920, created a united, independent Armenian state, at least on paper, and authorized the President of the United States to draw the final boundaries within given limits. Yet the same powers were unwilling to use armed force to implement their award to Armenia. Meanwhile, the Russian civil war turned favour the Bolsheviks and as the Red Army poured into neighbouring Azerbaijan, the Armenian government was faced with internal subversion and the need to reassess its political orientation.