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This is a study of how land-based military power influenced international affairs during the series of diplomatic crises that led up to World War I. Instead of emphasizing the naval arms race, the book draws on documentary research in military and state archives in Germany, France, Austria, England and Italy to show the effects of changes in the strength of European armies during this period. It also provides an account of how the European armies adopted the new weaponry of the 20th century in the decade before 1914, including quick-firing artillery, machine guns, motor transport and aircraft. In a narrative account that runs from the beginning of a series of international crises in 1904 until the outbreak of the war, the author points to changes in the balance of military power to explain why the war began in 1914, instead of at some other time. Russia was incapable of waging a European war after its defeat at the hands of Japan in 1904-5, but in 1912, when Russia appeared to be regaining its capacity to fight, an unprecedented land-armaments race began. Consequently, when the July crisis of 1914 developed, the atmosphere of military competition made war a far more likely outcome than it would have been a decade earlier.