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This is the first of two volumes presenting the results of an international research programme on attitudes to reproductive behaviour and national policies on population issues based on data from eight European countries which carried out a standardized attitude survey on general attitudes towards family formation and parenthood. Family formation and fertility in practically all European countries has been subject to dramatic changes over the past twenty years. This analysis demonstrates that common trends like the decline in fertility do not imply a convergence of values and life-styles nor the presence of comparable social pressures which would push couples towards similar normative choices. Volume One presents the results for each country. The country reports present not only general outcomes of the surveys, but also a description of the demographic, social, and political background from which individual attitudes and behaviour emerge. A number of comparative tables present selected data for the participating countries, and there is a substantial chapter integrating the results of country reports and tables. The national results are placed in a European perspective and conclusions made on the relation between social, economic, and cultural climates, attitudes, and behaviours within and between countries.