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Before 1914 Germany produced the most powerful socialist movement in the world. In the revolutionary upheavals of 1918 that movement came to power, albeit temporarily. Yet throughout its existence sections of the German working class remained resistant to its appeal. The outbreak of World War I confronted it with an unprecedented challenge, the Revolution created division and informity, and the Great Depression destroyed it. These original essays examine those factors which militated against labour's success (religion, employers' attitudes), the dilemma created by the outbreak of war and by revolution, and the destructive impact of mass and long-term unemployment. They are written for academics and university students of European history.