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The structure of employment and earnings in rural India and Indonesia is the focus of this volume. The author describes three scenarios: general economic backwardness; fairly developed economically but with undeveloped non-agricultural avenues; and a well-developed agricultural sector with a diversified network of other avenues of employment. Based on extensive fieldwork, this study supports the trickle-down theory of development and offers new insights into on-farm and off-farm employment. It also acknowledges the crucial role played by non-farm employment in poverty alleviation.